省略句的英语语法总结
省略句是英语的一种习惯用法,也是学习英语的重难点,学生要做好知识点总结,突破这个知识点。小编为大家力荐了省略句英语语法,给大家作为参考,欢迎阅读!
省略句的用法
一、原文“空缺”,译文“增补”
两个主语不同的句子,谓语有相同部分,也有不同部分,如果用连词连接起来进行对比,则其相同部分在后面分句中可以省略,这样,后面分句中就出现“空缺”现象。“空缺”处通常被省略的是动词,或动词及其宾语、补足语等。汉译时不妨采用“补齐”的方法。
例如:A sound must be heard, a colour seen,a flavour tasted, an odour inhaled.(颜色必须目视, 滋味必须口尝,气味必须鼻吸。)
二、英语状语从句中的省略部分可不译
than引出的比较从句中,套有when引导的时间从句或if引导的条件从句,而且该比较从句中的省略部分与整个句子的主要结构一致时则比较从句的省略部分可省略不译。
例如:My uncle is better than when I wrote to.(我伯父的身体比我上次给你去信时好些了。)
三、对英语中一些特殊省略结构译法需灵活
指的是按正常语法规则分析,有的无法增补,有的要用不同的方式来增补,使之成为完全句。因此,汉译英时,视上下文加以灵活处理。
1.“宾语+主语+谓语……and +谓语”结构:其中and连接的,是用作不同成分的同一个词,这个词既是第一分句的宾语,又是第二分句的主语。此结构的特点是,把宾语提到句首,使之兼任后一分句的主语,达到简化句子结构的目的。汉译时,可仍先译宾语,不必改变原文的语序。
例如:This substance we call water, and come next only to oxygen.(这种物质称为水,其重要性仅次于氧。)
2.以“Hence +名词”开头的结构:hence是表示结果意义的连接副词,hence前面的句子表示原因,hence后面则省略了类似come的动词。它是倒装句。
例如:Hence(comes)this instruction of the experiment.(因此,有这本实验说明书。)
3. 某些常用词组引导的省略疑问句,通常不需要写出其省略部分:
例如:How (is it)about the result?(结果怎么样呢?)
4.由习语组成的省略结构:
例如:So much is for the foundry processes.(工艺过程的内容就是这些。)
省略句的主要表现形式
一、形式上不留任何痕迹
一般说来,句子中的某些成分被省略后,形式上不保留任何痕迹,只能从意义上来理解。如:
(1) Welcome to our school. 欢迎来我校。
(2) Make yourself at home. 请随便。
二、留下某一个表特征的词
1. 如果句子中的不定式被省略,常保留不定式中的小品词to。如:
(1) —Will you please go shopping with me this afternoon? 今天下午同我一起去买东西好吗?
—I’d like to, but I have much work to do. 我倒想去,但是我有很多事情要做。
(2) —Will Mr. Brown come, too? 布朗先生回来吗?
—Yes. He promised to, but he doesn’t turn up yet. 是的。她答应来,但现在还没有到。
但当不定式是be或动词的完成体时,be及have一般不能省略。如:
(1) —Will Bruce be a player for our team? 布鲁斯将会成为我们队的队员吗?
—He wants to be, but we won’t take him in. 他倒想,而我们不会接受他。
(2) —Has he finished reading the book? 他把书看完了吗?
—He hopes to have, but in fact he reads too slowly. 他倒希望看完了,而事实上她读得太慢了。
2. 从句的谓语部分省略后,从句中的情态动词或助动词保留。如:
(1) He said he would do as much as he could to help us. 他说他要尽一切努力来帮助我们。
(2) When asked to dance, she said she couldn’t. 当请她跳舞时,她说她不会。
3. 省略从句时,若从句为否定,则从句中的否定词not被保留。这样的主句谓语动词有:think, believe, guess, suppose, hope,be afraid, be sure 及连接副词:why, if。如:
(1) —Do you think he will come to see us? 你认为他回来看我们吗?
—I think not. 我认为不会。
(2) —Is it going to rain? 天会下雨吗?
—I’m afraid not. 恐怕不会。
(3) —Can you go to the concert with us this evening? 今天晚上能跟我们一起去听音乐演奏会吗?
—Why not. 为什么不呢?
三、用一个单词来代替被省略的成分
1. 当从句或分句中的谓语动词省略时,有时须加一个助动词do合适的形式来代替。如
(1) Anyone can’t break the rules. If you do, you will sure be punished. 任何人也不能违反纪律,如果你违反了,你将肯定要受到惩罚。
(2) He was told not to go there alone at night, but he did. 人们告诉他夜晚不要单独一人去那儿,然而它却去了。
(3) —Do you like swimming? 你喜欢游泳吗?
—Yes, I do. 是的,我喜欢。
2. 当整个从句被省略时,可用so来代替。这样的主句谓语动词有:think, believe, guess, suppose, hope, be及疑问副词why, how, if等。如:
(1) —Do you think the thief will be put into prison? 你认为那个贼会被打入监牢吗?
—Yes. I think so. 是的,我认为会。
(2) —Do you believe that he will come back from abroad? 你认为他会从国外回来吗?
—Yes. I believe so. 是的,我认为他会回来。
(3) —It is said that Mary got her arm broken. 据说玛丽把手臂弄断了。
—How so. 怎么会这样呢。
(4) —He must be in the classroom now. 他现在肯定在教室里。
—If so, let’s go to the classroom to see him. 如果她在教室里,我们就去那儿看他吧。
3. 当从句为否定,而整个从句被省略时,可写为don’t…so, 也可只保留从句中的not。这样的主句动词有:think, believe, suppose等。如:
(1) —Do you think he will change his idea? 你认为他会改变主意吗?
—No. I don’t think so. 不,我认为他不会。
(2) —Do you think English is difficult? 你认为英语难学吗?
—No. I don’t think so. 不,我认为不难学。
四、从句中的引导词省略后,主谓倒装
在虚拟条件句中含有were, should, had 时,可将 if 省略,同时将 were, should, had 提到句首。如:
(1) Were I there, I would stop him doing that. 要是我在那儿,我就会阻止他那样做。
(2) Had he learnt English, he would be studying abroad. 要是他以前学过英语,他会正在国外学习。
(3) Should he like swimming, I couldn’t stop him. 要是他喜欢游泳,我可阻止他不了。
省略句语法练习题
I. 改写句子 使用省略手段避免下面各句重复与冗赘:
1. Someone has used my mobile phone, but I don’t know who has used it.
2. John worked hard but his brother did not work hard.
3. I have lazy students and hardworking students in my class.
4. --- Has he ever been abroad?
--- No, he has never been abroad.
5. If it is necessary, we will finish it ahead of time.
6. You must not be late and you must not be absent.
7. Give me your name and address, please.
8. It is well done.
9. Mother can take a rest, Mother should take a rest but Mother won’t take a rest after long hours of work.
10.He could answer the questions very well if he would answer the questions but he didn’t answer the questions.
II. 单项选择 从A、B、C、D四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳答案:
1. --- I won’t do it any more. --- ________?
A. Why don’t B. Why don’t do it any more
C. Why not D. Why not to
2. Although ________ to stop, he kept on working.
A. tell B. telling C. having told D. told
3. --- Will you waste your time and money on that? --- Certainly ________.
A. I not B. don’t C. not D. no
4. --- Mary didn’t attend the lecture, did she? --- Yes, she ________.
A. attended B. didn’t attend C. didn’t D. did
5. --- What’s Joan doing?
--- _________ newspapers in the room.
A. She reading B. She reads
C. To read D. Reading
6. _________ always succeed.
A. Honest and clever students B. Students who honest and clever
C. Honest students and clever D. Students are honest and clever
7. --- Can you climb that tree, my boy? --- __________ ?
A. I B. Myself C. Mine D. Me
8. Some people are against the plan but _______ support it.
A. any more B. many more C. much more D. no more
9. --- I’ll be away on a business trip. Would you mind looking after my cat?
--- Not at all. _________.
A. I’ve no time B. I’d rather not C. I’d like to D. I’d be happy to
10. --- Why not go and have dinner in a restaurant? --- _________. It’s too expensive.
A. Why not B. I agree C. I’m afraid not D. I’m sure
答案:
CDCDD ADBDC