关于冰箱的发展--The origin of Refrigerators　

　　The origin of Refrigerators 　　By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War( 1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880,half of the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented. 　　Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping up the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox. 　　But as early as 1803, and ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.

　　原产地的冰箱

　　到十九世纪中叶，这个词“冰箱”已经进入了美国语言，但冰仅仅只是开始影响美国普通市民的饮食。冰的买卖随着城市的发展。冰被用在旅馆，酒馆，医院以及被一些新鲜的肉，鱼和黄油的前瞻性城市经销商。南北战争后(1861-1865)，冰被用于冷藏货车，同时也进入了家庭使用。甚至在1880年，出售在纽约，费城，巴尔的摩和一个在波士顿和芝加哥销售的三分之一，一半的冰进入家庭自己使用。这已成为可能，因为一种新的家庭设备，冰箱，即现代冰箱的前身，被发明了。

　　制造一台有效率的冰箱并没有那么容易，因为我们想象的。在十九世纪初，该热物理，这是必不可少的冷藏科学知识是很浅陋的。普遍的观点，最好的冰箱是一个无法融化，当然是错误的，因为正是冰的融化了制冷的冰。然而，早期的努力，节约包括冰包裹在毯子，这使自己的工作做在冰雪覆盖的冰。直到近19世纪末，发明家达到的隔热和有效率的冰箱所需要循环的精确平衡。

　　但早在1803年，天才的马里兰农场主，托马斯莫尔，找到了正确的轨道。他拥有一个大约二十华盛顿以外的城市，那里的乔治镇村庄是集市中心英里的农场。当他用自己设计的冰箱运送黄油去市场，他发现顾客们会走过装在他的竞争对手来支付他的黄油高价，整齐，还有一个新的和艰难，浴缸那些迅速融化磅砖。他的一个冰箱优势，摩尔解释说，农民将不再有旅行，晚上去市场以保持他们产品的低温。